When we talk about mobile network performance—coverage, speed, latency—we often focus on spectrum, RAN, or core evolution. Yet, Backhaul remains one of the most critical (and sometimes underestimated) components of the mobile telecom ecosystem.
Backhaul is the segment that connects radio access sites (base stations) to the core network. As networks evolve from 3G → 4G → 5G and beyond, backhaul is no longer just about connectivity—it becomes a key performance enabler.
Recently, the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) issued recommendations (dated 10 Dec 2025) on assignment and pricing of microwave backhaul spectrum in 6 GHz (lower), 7, 13, 15, 18, 21 GHz, plus E-band and V-band, focusing on Backhaul.
The report states that telcos currently pay between 0.15% and 3.95% of their Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR) for using backhaul, with rates varying based on the number of carriers used. A key recommendation is to reduce Spectrum Usage Charges (SUC) by up to 55% in certain microwave bands. TRAI suggests a uniform SUC of 0.1% per carrier, replacing the current structure. The regulator also argues that backhaul spectrum is an enabling input, not a direct revenue-generating asset, and its pricing should reflect this, and no rollout obligations would be attached to assignments.
Interesting insights:
- Only 46% of India’s mobile towers were fibreised as of Mar 2025, which means operators are still relying on microwave backhaul.
- Mobile data traffic increased by about 75% since the introduction of 5G in India in October 2022, underscoring the need for more investment in fibre-connected sites, which is not the case, as microwave serves as a crucial pillar for the proliferation of 5G networks, particularly in rural and suburban areas.
So I see: Fibre is the destination, but microwave is the bridge carrying 5G traffic today—and regulators increasingly recognise that reality.