The journey started with 2G and 3G, where Voice was the leading service, and the main protocols were SS7 and SIGTRAN (Signaling Transport). At this time, the primary Firewalls are: SS7/SIGTRAN Firewall: Its functions are national/international interconnect protection with different policies and detection patterns in real-time. GTP Firewall: The functions are GTP Packet binary checks […]

SS7 was never designed with security in mind, so it has always been open to internal and external threats. S7 Firewall is a smart, rules-based system that can monitor, create rules, and enforce policies to prevent or mitigate the effects of these attacks. It is essential for safeguarding your network and subscribers. The GSMA’s FS.11 […]

When I started my 5G Journey in 2017, I first explored the 5G network versions: 5G NSA (Non-Standalone) and 5G SA (Standalone). Most MNOs envision starting with 5G NSA and moving towards the full capabilities of 5G SA. However, the reality of 5G SA has so far proved somewhat different from the vision. Here, I […]

Voice calls remain one of the most vital means of communication in both personal and professional spheres. They provide instant and direct interaction, allowing for clear and immediate conversations. Unlike text-based communication, voice calls share emotions and urgency, making them invaluable for building relationships, conducting business, and handling emergencies. To enhance the efficiency for connecting […]

Currently, I see some confusion regarding 5G identification and the purpose of each one, such as which network node generates them and the subscriber’s role. I summarized the 3 identifications in one page, and here is the summary: What is SUPI? The Subscription Permanent Identifier (SUPI) is stored within the SIM. The SUPI is the […]

What is NTN? NTN refers to a communication system that transmits data through non-terrestrial platforms, such as satellites, high-altitude platforms (HAPs), drones, or other aerial technologies, instead of relying on traditional terrestrial infrastructure like cell towers and cables. The definition of Release 17, as outlined in 3GPP, includes enhancements to 5G New Radio (NR) to […]

The IMSI is a unique number assigned to every mobile subscriber, which is stored on the SIM card and used by mobile networks to identify and authenticate users. An IMSI Catcher is a device that pretends to be a commercial Base Station (BS), tracks devices and violates subscriber privacy. Criminals or hackers may use IMSI […]

The Answer is in “Shannon–Hartley theorem“ Shannon–Hartley theorem tells the maximum rate at which information can be transmitted over a communications channel of a specified bandwidth in the presence of noise.   C: is the channel capacity in bits per second.  B: is the channel’s bandwidth in bits per second, which defines the maximum amount […]

Before discussing why we need an SMS Router, let’s understand the 1st figure when the mobile device sends SMS to another Mobile through the normal scenario without an SMS Router which means the communication is between SMSC and HLR.  The Normal Scenarios for Sending SMS:  The mobile sends the SMS to the SMSC. Since the […]

Signalling System No. 7 (SS7) is an old signaling protocol, but all mobile network operators still use it to exchange information between nodes in the network nationally and internationally. Security and SS7 can’t come together, so I started explaining the definition of SS7 in a series that began with this video.  Once you finish the video, […]

In 2021, I wrote this article about 5G and Wifi 6 convergence, and then in 2023, I addressed this big question: Are 5G and WiFi6E Friends or Competitors?  Conclusion of these articles if you don’t have time to read them as below: 📗The integration of 5G and Wi-Fi is poised to become more ubiquitous. Using […]

Before discussing ePDG in more detail, let’s explain why we need it. The answer is to connect between 3GPP networks (LTE/5G core) and non-3GPP networks (Wi-Fi). But, why do we need to interconnect between them? Imagine you’re walking in the street and making a call, suddenly you arrive at your office and need to park […]

VoWiFi, or Voice Over WiFi, is an IMS Voice Call made through WiFi without using a cellular network like LTE or NR. It is similar to VoLTE (Voice over LTE) or VoNR (Voice or NR), the only difference is the type of communication channel being used for the IMS voice call. WiFi channel (instead of […]

Thanks to open standard consortiums such as the ORANAlliance, an open ecosystem of disaggregated and interchangeable components is now available. Network equipment providers are now able to commoditize hardware and software in a market, historically dominated by closed and proprietary systems. The standards are now in place to change select components based on technical feasibility […]

Recently, I read many discussions around 5G SA mainly really on mmWave spectrum which is Unique to 5G technology, as mmWave or millimeter Wave is the most capacity spectrum band so far among all available mobile spectrums. Yes, 5G high bands (mmWave, also referred to as FR2) are found in the range of 24GHz to […]

5G Release 15 was the first release of 5G and its specification was completed in June 2018. Release 16/17 specifications were drafted as extensions to 5G Release 15 with its RAN technology NR or New Radio. Rel-17 provided support for even higher frequency bands and Non-Terrestrial Network NTN systems and added a low-cost NR device […]

SMS stands for Short Message Service and is used both for end-user messages and between the network and the device without any human interaction. There are two options for SMS when the mobile is attached to a 5G network without the need to fallback to a 4G network: • SMS over IP. • SMS over NAS […]

Wi-Fi 7 (IEEE 802.11be), the successor to Wi-Fi 6, introduces the 6GHz frequency band, doubling the maximum frequency bandwidth from 160MHz to 320MHz. It allows the 16×16 MIMO configuration and supports 4096QAM modulation technology, which offers significant improvements in data rates, capacity, and spectral efficiency, ultimately enhancing the performance and user experience in wireless communication […]

As you may know, there are two main components to RIC or RAN Intelligent Controllers (RICs) as below: Closed-loop control running at time scales of 10ms to 1s (Near-Real-Time, or Near-RT, RIC with xApps) Closed-loop control runs at time scales of 1s or more (non-RT RIC with rApps). What about the real-time control loops operating […]

When going to the Roaming topic, sometimes you hear words like Wholesale Charge and Retail Charge. So What is the difference between them? The Wholesale Charge determines how much roaming costs a mobile operator. Here, mobile operators negotiate roaming agreements with their counterparts in other countries. Under these agreements, a mobile operator pays the foreign operator […]