Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) is a technology that enables the network owner to analyze internet traffic through the network in real-time and differentiate it according to its payload. Since this has to be done in real-time at high speeds, it cannot be implemented by software running on normal processors or switches. Originally the Internet protocols […]

A passive optical network (PON) is a fiber-optic access technology that distributes fiber-optic signals to multiple users through a passive splitter, achieving the goal of fiber-to-the-home (FTTH). PON technology has the advantages of a high transmission rate, wide coverage, low cost, energy saving, and environmental protection, and it has become one of the mainstream technologies […]

CDMA is another pure digital technique. It is also known as the spread spectrum because it takes the digitized version of an analog signal and spreads it out over a wider bandwidth at a lower power level. This method is called direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS). The digitized and compressed voice signal in serial data form […]

Compared to previous generations the 3GPP 5G system architecture is Service-Based Architecture (SBA). That means wherever suitable the architectural elements are defined as network functions that offer their services via interfaces of a common framework to any network functions that are permitted to make use of these provided services. The SBA specifies flat peer-to-peer relationships […]

5G NR includes several low and mid-frequency bands in the sub-7 GHz range, defined as FR1, as well as higher frequency bands above 24 GHz, defined as FR2/mmWave. 5G frequency includes all previous cellular spectrum and additional spectrum in the sub-7 GHz frequency range and beyond.  FR1: “sub-7” GHz 410 MHz –7,125 MHz. BW options […]

In many networks, the RAN represents the last stronghold of proprietary hardware and software. While the mobile core is progressing to a virtualized, cloud-based architecture, the RAN remains rooted in vendor-based appliances such as the radio unit (RU) and baseband unit (BBU). In between these appliances, communications take place over proprietary protocols and interfaces based […]

LTE power control is applied to uplink transmission only. There is no downlink power control. The objective of power control in LTE is to reduce terminal power consumption and minimize the power dynamic range in the eNodeB receiver. The LTE uplink power control aims to keep the Power Spectral Density (PSD) (watt/Hertz) constant for a […]

5G-NR transmissions are more flexible than their predecessor technologies. 5G-NR signals can be transmitted using different numerology, which is summarized below in Table. The numerology is parameterized using an index parameter µ. ∆f stands for sub-carrier spacing. TS for symbol duration. TCP for the Cyclic Prefix(CP) duration. NFrame Slot for the number of slots per […]

Hardware accelerator cards accelerate data processing and relieve some of the burdens from the CPUs, to enable operators and infrastructure vendors the ability to maximize the benefits of high performance, low latency, and power efficient 5G, while accelerating the cellular ecosystem’s transition towards virtualized radio access networks. Benefits of Accelerator Card The PCIe card is […]

The Service Communication Proxy (SCP) is a new HTTP/2-based network function enabling dynamic scaling and management of communication and services in the 5G network. The SCP has a role that in some ways can be compared with its predecessors, such as the Signaling Transfer Point (STP), the central signaling router used in 2G and 3G […]

In 5G NR Release 15, Enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC), and massive machine-type communications (mMTC) were the foundational goals. At the 3GPP TSG#96 meeting, 3GPP announced 5G Release 17 finalized, which includes the 5G reduced capability (RedCap) specification for medium- and high-speed connections. What is RedCap? 3GPP introduced, in Release 17,  […]