D-RAN is the traditional RAN or Radio Access Network where BBU (Baseband Unit) and RRH (Remote Radio Head) are placed on the same place in the site. C-RAN is the decoupling between BBU and RRH, Where BBU is moved to the data center to be centralized to manage different RRHs through Fronthaul Common Public Radio […]

As per GSMA in the last white paper, Securing private networks in the 5G era Private Network A private (mobile) network is where network infrastructure is used exclusively by devices authorized by the end-user organization. The infrastructure is typically deployed in one or more specific locations owned or occupied by the organization. Devices that are […]

4G cell sites 4G remote radio heads (RRHs) are typically mounted at the top of cell towers or on building rooftops. The ability to cover a large geographic area using radio frequencies in the sub‑3 GHz spectrum was ideal for these installations. A single sector would consist of an RRH connected through a small form-factor […]

Wi-Fi 6 and 5G Convergence Wi-Fi 6 and 5G expand opportunities for digitization across all industries They offer complementary functionalities. The user experience is concerned, and 5G and Wi-Fi 6 can achieve gigabit speeds and low latency. They introduce the new era of wireless access. Their convergence enables organizations to do business anywhere while increasing […]

I like this definition from the CTIA report: 5G is the Innovation Platform 5G is the next generation of wireless. It’s more than just an evolutionary step forward technologically. It’s a revolutionary leap. These wireless networks, rolling out in communities across the country, will be transformative—making our lives better, our communities safer, and our nation […]

Open RAN is an open radio access network (RAN) architecture standardized by the O-RAN Alliance based on 3GPP and other standards. O-RAN Alliance’s RAN functional split is based on the three key tenets: Decoupling of hardware and software. Cloud infrastructure. Standardized and open interfaces between the network function.

In brief, C-RAN or Centralized RAN is to moving the BBU to a central office. This logical step is possible due to the fact that optical fibers are available between the antenna site and central office. Here when we’re talking about BBU or Baseband Processing Unit we mean the brain of the cell site. The […]

5G New Radio (NR) 3GPP is defining 5G NR in Release 15, with an initial release for a non-standalone operation scheduled for March 2018 and a full release for a standalone version scheduled for September 2018. 5G New Radio Release 15 Focus: 5G NR Release 15 features: Ability to operate in any frequency band, including […]

The latency of the idle-to-active procedure in NSA is larger than in SA. The different latencies come from signaling differences in the architecture. In NSA, to transition from idle to an active state, the UE first performs an idle-to-active procedure in LTE, which serves as the MN. Once connected, the UE connects to the NR through […]

🛢Network slicing in 4G networks has been provided in the limited form of isolating a service within a common infrastructure (e.g., Access Point Name (APN) Routing, Multi-Operator Core Network (MOCN), and Dedicated Core Network (DECOR)). 🛢In 5G Network, network slicing will allow carriers to create virtual data pipelines for each of its data type services, […]

Open RAN Interfaces 🛢High Layer Split (HLS) between Centralized Unit (CU) and Distributed Unit (DU) has been specified by #3GPP. 🛢Each individual functional entities DU, CU-UP, and CU-CP entities may be placed at different physical locations according to operator requirements. 🛢The definition of HLS has introduced two new interfaces. F1/ E1 interface for gNode B (gNB)/gNB-CU […]