The reason of naming  “new radio” is that this air interface will not be backward compatible with any 4G standards such as LTE⁃Advanced⁃pro. This new radio interface can be deployed stand⁃alone, i.e., an independent network not relying on other networks. NR can also be deployed in non⁃stand⁃alone fashion, i.e., along with LTE⁃Advanced⁃pro, since LTE evolution […]

Inter-cell interference is the most interesting aspect in the LTE radio interface regarding radio quality and throughput of specific connections between the UE and network. As in 3G UMTS, neighbor cells in LTE operate on the same frequency in UL and DL. So, the DL signals of all cells received at a certain geographic position […]

3G and 3.5G are used for old Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems. 3G is UMTS and 3.5G is UMTS with High-speed packet access (HSPA or HSPA+). 3G(UMTS) data rate up to 2Mbits/sec but 3.5G(HSDPA) UP To 14.4MBits/secs. The main Tech. difference it that HSDPA uses AMC scheduler.

Operators started to rely Unlicensed spectrum due to the below reasons : Mobile Network operators (MNOs) continue to experience a phenomenal increase in mobile data consumption driven by increased adoption of smartphones, emergence of new applications, video and the younger generation’s dependence on always being connected. The cellular operators do want to be able to […]

I will post the details in separate article for each technology.