Carrier aggregation (CA) is one of two schemes included in 3GPP Release 15 that enables sending a duplicate of data across different carriers. CA allows for the use of the spectrum that is larger than the maximum channel bandwidth. Carrier aggregation is a technique used to increase the data rate per user, whereby multiple frequency […]

The 5G architecture takes advantage of Cloud-Native concepts like self-contained functions within or across data centers (the cloud), communicating in a micro-services environment with all elements working together to deliver services and applications. The cloud-native 5G architecture enables an elastic, automated environment where network, compute and storage services can expand, and contract as needed. Many […]

Network slicing is an end-to-end concept covering all 5G network segments, including radio access, core, transport, and edge networks. In a 5G network, the underlying cloud infrastructure (physical, virtual or even emulated resources, RAN resources, etc.), that are bundled together to meet the requirements of a specific use case, e.g., bandwidth, latency, processing, and resiliency, […]

The 5G NR system comes to provide a flexible platform, enabling a variety of applications and services with significant changes when compared with LTE architecture, supporting a wide range of new network requirements and functions, including the Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communications (URLLC) and, in the future, the massive Machine-Type Communication (mMTC). Mapping […]

Here is a simple comparison 

During studying in 3GPP TS 23.502, I found the network functions services for only the control part or Control Plane (CP) of 5G Core network, However, the UPF or User part is separated (not exist as below figure). But Why? 5G Core Network is based on SBA, The SBA architecture, fundamental in 5G’s move towards […]

5G NR brings new spectrum opportunities that allow the operating bands to extend up to 52.6 GHz in Release 15. Considering different testing methods to verify the Radio Frequency (RF) and Radio Resource Management (RRM) requirements in a different frequency range, i.e., Over the Air (OTA) testing or conductive testing, two frequency ranges are categorized, […]

To date, 15th June 2020. None of Apple’s current or previous iPhone models, including the iPhone 11, iPhone 11 Pro, and iPhone SE (2020), support 5G, and they never will because they require a hardware upgrade to connect to 5G networks. How fast is mobile data on current iPhones? The iPhone 11 Pro and iPhone […]

Regarding the 5G AAU equipment, ZTE recommends using 64T64R AAU in dense urban areas to achieve the highest performance, and 16T16R AAU in urban and suburban areas to make a good balance between coverage and network construction costs. The 64T64R AAU consists of a large number of independent transceiver channels, which can support accurate horizontal […]

Beamforming antennas can be used as coverage or capacity strategy. The array gain from the beamforming process provides higher downlink gain in the service beam and enables higher-order receive diversity in the uplink. This helps improve cell-edge throughput or extend cell-edge coverage for the minimum desired user throughput. One way to evaluate the applicability of […]

What is PEI in 5G? PEI: Permanent Equipment Identifier In 5G, the PEI is the means by which the network identifies the User Equipment (for devices that are capable of accessing a 3GPP network, the PEI will be an IMEI). A Permanent Equipment Identifier (PEI) is defined for the 3GPP UE accessing the 5G System. […]