Carrier Aggregation (CA) is used in LTE-Advanced in order to increase the bandwidth and increase the throughput. It can be used for both FDD and TDD.  Carrier aggregation (CA) allows a UE to simultaneous transmit and receive data on multiple component carriers from a single eNodeB. Each aggregated carrier is called a component carrier, CC. The […]

At first, we should start by the UE initial registration in the network Initial Registration of Dual Connectivity Capable UE ================================= An EN-DC enabled UE first registers for service with the 4G EPC. [1] The DCNR capable UE sets the “DCNR bit” in NAS message #Attach_Request in “UE Network Capability” IE.  [1a] The UE sends the #RRC_Connection_Request message on […]

Apple announced at its fall 2019 event that the iPhone 11, 11 Pro, and 11 Pro Max will be released on September 20 and it was expected for some technical and non-technical reasons. There are different reasons for this: Apple CEO Tim Cook said in a 2014 interview that Apple’s “objective has never been to […]

In SU-MIMO transmission: The cell is serving only one user on a given time-frequency resource, maybe over multiple streams. The multiplexing gain is limited by the minimum of the number of transmitting and receiving antennas. Well supported in current standard specifications like LTE Release 8/9.  In MU-MIMO transmission: Multiple users are served in parallel over […]

First, We start with 1G and 2G where the baseband unit was co-located with Radio unit and in this approach which was the “Traditional Network”, we can see the antenna in the top of the tower is connected to the site [Baseband & Radio unit] by very thick cables (Coax-Cables). In this approach, the Baseband […]

First, yes Massive MIMO Can be used in two modes FDD and TDD.  For TDD, Downlink beamforming in Massive MIMO relay on uplink pilot measurements—exploiting reciprocity and TDD operation. For FDD, Massive MIMO uses a predetermined grid of beams with UEs reporting their preferred beams, mostly in FDD operation. The original Massive MIMO concept assumes TDD […]

3GPP uses a system of pipelining “Releases” which provides developers with a platform for the implementation of features and then allows for the addition of new functionality in subsequent Releases. Each Release has the following points: Full Release description. A Brief for each release. A table of features of this release. Each release has a […]

As per GSMA report, 5G networks in combination with network slicing help business customers to enjoy connectivity to the specific business requirements that stick to a Service Level Agreement (SLA) agreed with the mobile operator.  From a MNO’s point of view, a NS is an independent E2E logical network that runs on shared physical infrastructure […]

VoLTE is the all-IP method that tightly links the voice application to the LTE network to assure the best subscriber experience in terms of performance, reliability, interoperability and global roaming. The Value of VoLTE It integrates voice with 4G LTE to ensure the critical reliability and quality of that voice service. It ensures subscribers continue […]

Taking the BWP definition, and the fact that up to four BWP could be configured for a UE, different BWP allocation scenarios are possible and each could better serve certain use cases.  Allocation (a): Supporting reduced UE bandwidth capability is especially helpful for devices with limited RF capability or those not capable of full carrier […]

Sure Yes, and Already there’re different operators in many MENA countries announced that 5G is now Commercial to use. Examples: Etisalat UAE and Vodafone Qatar