Wi-Fi is a key resource in the world communications ecosystem. Up to 90% of all mobile device traffic is carried on Wi-Fi. The 6 GHz band is a breakthrough that sets Wi‑Fi 6E and Wi‑Fi 7 apart from all earlier generations. They are the first to operate on 6 GHz, enabling more bandwidth, less interference, and better […]

When discussing 5G NTN, it’s important to understand what NTN is, how it functions, and the purpose of Transparent Architecture. What is 5G NTN? 5G NTN refers to the integration of satellite or High-Altitude Platform Systems (HAPS) into the 5G ecosystem. It expands connectivity to: Rural and remote regions. Maritime and aviation sectors. Disaster-hit or […]

Before the advent of Rel.17, IoT deployments were plagued by connectivity challenges, especially in remote and rural areas. Terrestrial networks often fall short in providing reliable coverage, resulting in data gaps and operational inefficiencies. High infrastructure costs further compounded these challenges, restricting the scalability and effectiveness of IoT solutions. 3GPP’s Release 17 introduced NTN NB-IoT, […]

Imagine being able to download every HD video on Netflix in just one second… Now, with Japan, we can say yes. Japan’s National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) achieved a world-record internet data transmission speed of 1.02 petabits per second (Pbps) in a lab setting. What Actually Happened Achieved using a newly developed standard 19-core optical fibre, […]

The upcoming Android 16 release introduces a critical new security feature: Network Notification Warnings This enhancement is designed to alert users in real time when their mobile devices are exposed to unsafe network behaviours such as: A mobile network requests the device’s identifiers (IMSI, IMEI). A network attempting to force the device onto an unencrypted […]

Vulnerability Details: CVE-2024-53026. It is a vulnerability affecting O2 UK’s VoLTE/IMS service, disclosed in mid-May 2025. Rated Low, with a CVSS v3 score of 3.5. It has a limited impact on confidentiality and no effect on integrity or availability. What Happened? When one user places an IMS call, the network improperly exposes a “Cellular‑Network‑Info” SIP header. This […]

Network Slicing is essentially the ability to divide your network into individual use cases, each tailored to provide specialised services. Traditionally, in 4G, the APN (Access Point Name) was probably the earliest form of network slicing in a mobile network, allowing operators to divide their networks according to service requirements. Accurate 5G network slicing, as […]

For the introduction of 5G, 3GPP has specified five possible configurations, or ‘options’, for connecting to an EPC or a new 5G core network (six if the current 4G system is included). The features that distinguish each Option are: Use of Dual Connectivity; Radio Access Technology acting as master node Core Network used. The Options […]

Synchronization in 5G ensures precise timing and coordination across the network, enabling key technologies like TDD, beamforming, and ultra-low latency. 5G TDD networks utilise the same frequency for both uplink (UL) and downlink (DL), with time slots separating them. If base stations are out of sync, UL/DL transmissions collide, resulting in interference and dropped connections. […]

The 5G Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN) integrates satellite and airborne platforms with terrestrial 5G networks to provide ubiquitous coverage. The Next-Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN) architecture in 5G NTN can be designed to be transparent (i.e., with minimal on-board processing) to reduce payload complexity while ensuring seamless interoperability with terrestrial 5G systems. A transparent NTN payload acts as […]

Interworking security between 5G and EPC involves managing security contexts during mobility between the two systems. ​ This ensures that the UE can maintain secure connections regardless of the access technology used. The UE can operate in Single or Dual Registration mode, maintaining separate security contexts for each system. ​ During mobility from EPS to […]