Interworking security between 5G and EPC involves managing security contexts during mobility between the two systems. This ensures that the UE can maintain secure connections regardless of the access […]
Interworking Security Between 5G and EPC
2G and 3G Sunset is Not An Easy step for MNO
Sunsetting 2G and 3G networks is not an easy step for mobile network operators (MNOs) due to several technical, financial, and social factors. The decision isn’t just about technology—it’s about […]
Evolution of Network Core Signaling protocols
?Previous generations relied on the SS7 and Diameter protocols. The 5G network core is built on well-known Internet protocols such as HTTP and TLS. ? Security threats associated with 3G […]
Does the 5G icon on the phone indicate that it is using 5G while it’s 4G?
The Question is Actual 5G or Icon-only 5G! Recently, a new mobile app called SignalTracker showed that nearly 40% of 5G connections are actually 4G, as per PolicyTracker. Actual 5G […]
5G SA (Standalone) Status in 2025
When I started my 5G Journey in 2017, I first explored the 5G network versions: 5G NSA (Non-Standalone) and 5G SA (Standalone). Most MNOs envision starting with 5G NSA and […]
What is the difference between SUPI, SUCI and 5G-GUTI in 5G SA Networks?
Currently, I see some confusion regarding 5G identification and the purpose of each one, such as which network node generates them and the subscriber’s role. I summarized the 3 identifications […]
What is NTN (Non-Terrestrial Networks)?
What is NTN? NTN refers to a communication system that transmits data through non-terrestrial platforms, such as satellites, high-altitude platforms (HAPs), drones, or other aerial technologies, instead of relying on […]
5G SA (Stand-Alone) doesn’t mean mmWave Spectrum
Recently, I read many discussions around 5G SA mainly really on mmWave spectrum which is Unique to 5G technology, as mmWave or millimeter Wave is the most capacity spectrum band […]
Towards 5G Advanced and Release 18
5G Release 15 was the first release of 5G and its specification was completed in June 2018. Release 16/17 specifications were drafted as extensions to 5G Release 15 with its […]
SMS Overview in 5G Network
SMS stands for Short Message Service and is used both for end-user messages and between the network and the device without any human interaction. There are two options for SMS when […]
Everything You Need To Know About NRF and SCP in The 5G Core
5G standalone (SA) operation, using a new core network, is foundational to mobile operators seeking to offer advanced 5G services with a low cost of production. 5G Service-based architecture (SBA) […]