Uplink and Downlink Decoupling for Enhancing 5G Coverage The higher frequency leads to larger penetration loss and poor coverage. For example, 3.5 GHz (as the first commercially used 5G band), provides insufficient coverage. There is a 13.7 dB gap in the uplink coverage between the 3.5 GHz and 1.8 GHz bands and the traditional solution of increasing […]

As per GSA, Last release December 2019, the Availability of information about spectrum support is improving as a greater number become commercially available. Nearly 60% of all announced 5G devices are identified as supporting sub-6 GHz spectrum bands. Nearly one-third are understood to support the mmWave spectrum. The 5G spectrum bands most supported by 5G […]

5G Core adds new values as per below: Optimized interworking with 5G NR —Reduced signaling. — Lower control-plane latency. —Only a standardized solution for NR Standalone (SA). Enhanced service capabilities — Improved network slice isolation and security (NSSF). — One Core for all access types (including fixed). Service-Based Architecture (SBA) — IT architecture principles. — […]

Simply, As always there’s no perfect waveform so that’s also there’s no numerology. For example, If we’re talking about a more narrow subcarrier spacing, we have the advantage of better channel equalization and this will reduce complexity, So when symbol duration is longer is like you’re speaking very slow and it’s easier to understand. On […]

As per GSA, In the Middle East and Africa the situation as below:  Cyprus (Department of Electronic Communications) In August 2019, Cyprus launched a public consultation of the auction of spectrum for 5G in various bands, including 26 GHz (24250–27500 MHz nonpaired) with an auction to follow by March 2020. Nigeria (Nigerian Communications Commission) Local […]

At first, we need to identify the meaning of word EN–DC, It’s E-UTRAN New Radio Dual Connectivity. Simply it means the possibility of UE to get simultaneous data from LTE eNB and 5G gNB.  In EN-DC, the radio access network is composed of eNBs (eNodeBs) as the master node and gNBs (gNodeBs) as the secondary […]

5G connectivity options In Release 15, the 3GPP defined multiple architectural options for a UE to connect to the network, using LTE/eLTE and/or NR access to connect to Evolved Packet Core (EPC) or 5G Core (5GC) networks. New use of dual connectivity has also been applied to use LTE/eLTE and NR as the master or […]

5G is enjoying an unprecedented development, with the user base forecast to grow to 500 million in three years, a scale that 3G and 4G took nine and six years, respectively, to achieve. 2019 is the first year of 5G scaled commercial adoption, with more than 60 5G commercial networks projected to be globally deployed. […]

The 5G NR implements a new procedure for UE to gain initial access to the gNB. Upon arrival to a new cell coverage area, UE is blind to the location of the beam, ignoring the direction in which the gNB is currently transmitting to begin the network access procedure. The NR initial access procedure presents […]

Hybrid beamforming is a technique to partition beamforming between the digital and RF domains to reduce the cost associated with the a number of RF signal chains. Hybrid beamforming designs are developed by combining multiple array elements into subarray modules. A T/R module is dedicated to a subarray within the larger array, and therefore fewer […]

Dual Connectivity (4G/5G) in Non-Standalone Modes Dual connectivity indicates that the control and synchronization between the site and the UE are performed by the 4G network, while the 5G network is a complementary RAN tethered to the 4G anchor. In this model, the 4G anchor establishes the critical link using the existing 4G network with […]