There’re many factors that impact the energy consumption in the mobile network operators, some of them related to climate, population density, and data consumption levels, while others are related to […]
Energy Usage Resources in Mobile Network Operators (MNOs)
The Role of Hardware Security Module (HSM) in 5G Security?
Security is a driving factor in how 5G networks are built and operated – every element of a 5G network is required to have security controls in place for the […]
What is the Roaming? How It works in 2G Network?
Recently, I received many questions and inquiries about the meaning of Roaming and some interesting questions: What is Roaming? What is the difference between National Roaming and International Roaming? First, […]
Why RAN Must Be OPEN?
RAN (Radio Access Network) is the main telecommunication network component that is located between the core network and users’ equipment (such as a mobile phone). RAN is constituted of a […]
What is Distributed Unit (DU) in Open RAN?
3GPP defined a new RAN architectural in Release 15, where the gNB (Site Name for 5G) is logically split into three entities denoted as: CU: Centralized Unit. DU: Distributed Unit. […]
Time Synchronization is Critical in 5G Open RAN Network
In order to meet the 5G network timing requirements, there is a significant challenge. The challenge is 5G performance requirements driving precise timing needs from cloud to edge. The legacy […]
eNB/gNB Architecture with O-DU and O-RUs
The architecture of eNB or gNB with O-DU and O-RUs has some important definitions here: O-DU: O-RAN Distributed Unit: a logical node hosting RLC/MAC/High-PHY layers based on a lower layer […]
What is Precision Timing Protocol (PTP)?
What is PTP? Precision Time Protocol (PTP), defined in the IEEE1588-2008 standard, is a protocol that uses a master-slave hierarchy to synchronize clocks on network devices. PTP uses hardware time […]
What is The M-Plane in Open RAN?
First, to understand the function of the fronthaul M-Plane, let’s remember the Fronthaul Planes, Please read this and continue. What are C/U/M/S Fronthaul (FH) Planes in ORAN ? What is […]
Call Session Control Function (CSCF) in IMS
The Call Session Control function (CSCF) is the heart of the IMS architecture and is used to process SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) signaling. The main function of the CSCF is […]
What is 5G Security Edge Protection Proxy (SEPP)?
The Security Edge Protection Proxy (SEPP) is a proxy that sits at the perimeter of the PLMN network and enables secured communication between inter-PLMN network messages. It protects the home […]