Call re-establishment is essential in VoLTE calls to avoid RTP timeouts. It’s also recommended to audit call re-establishment parameters for both QCI = 1 and QCI = 9. The UE may experience a connection failure such as when a radio link failure (RLF) occurs. When the RLF happens, the dedicated bearer may become lost and […]

SCEF stands for “Service Capability Exposure Function” which is a recent node designed for machine-type data mainly. It is used for the delivery of non-IP data over the control plane and provides an interface for network services (authentication and authorization, discovery and access network capabilities). The SCEF is the key entity within the 3GPP architecture […]

5G NR uses low density parity check (LDPC) codes for the data transmission for mobile broadband (MBB) services and polar codes for the control signaling. LDPC codes are attractive from an implementation perspective, especially at multi-gigabits-per-second data rates. The LDPC codes considered for NR use a rate-compatible structure unlike the LDPC codes used in other […]

3GPP has a specified release timeline to ensure the standard is delivered on time. Release 16 is still anticipated in 2020 to line up with the ITU. For the 5G timeline, there’re 3 drops as below:  “Early drop” for Non-Standalone 5G  – Addresses the most urgent deployment needs for eMBB.      Uses LTE anchor […]

NOMA is highly promising for 5G radio access. The fundamental concept of NOMA is supporting multiple users in the power domain. In contrast to the conventional multiple access (MA) techniques, NOMA uses a new dimension to perform multiplexing within one of the classic time/frequency domains.  NOMA can be regarded as an “add-on” technique, which has […]

As of late-April GSA had identified: 8 announced form factors Phones. Hotspots. Indoor CPE. Outdoor CPE. Modules. Snap-on dongles/adapters. IoT routers. USB terminals. 26 vendors that have announced available or forthcoming 5G devices. 48 announced devices 16 phones. 6 hotspots. 12 CPE devices, indoor and outdoor. 9 modules. 2 snap-on dongles/adapters. 2 IoT routers. 1 […]

5G networks must meet diversified demands. ITU classified 5G mobile network services into three categories: Enhanced Mobile Broadband(eMBB), Ultra-reliable and Low-latency Communications (uRLLC), and Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC). eMBB focuses on services that have bandwidth high requirements, such as high definition (HD) videos, virtual reality (VR), and augmented reality (AR). uRLLC focuses on latency-sensitive services, […]

In voice and video communication, quality usually states whether the experience is a good or bad one. In a scale from 1 to 5, a mean opinion score (MOS) gives an indication of the quality of transmission. MOS Quality 5 Excellent 4 Good 3 Fair 2 Poor 1 Bad PESQ: Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality […]

The transport network is a crucial part of the whole 5G solution. It is the unifying network fabric that must deliver new performance, reach and capabilities to address demanding new requirements. • Extreme bandwidth for enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) demands a new generation of terabit capacity networking products that can support multi gigabit cell site […]

Network virtualization leads the way for 5G to meet high flexibility and agility expectations. It allows running complex network functions (namely, Virtual Network Function – VNF) on top of a virtualized infrastructure, hosted at central or edge telco cloud.   One big advantage of using VNF, is the possibility of dynamically scaling, depending on traffic […]

CSFB (Circuit Switched Fallback) is an solution in 3GPP Release 8. In this approach, the LTE provides data services, and when a voice call is to be initiated or received, it will fall back to the CS domain. When using this solution, operators need to upgrade the MSC instead of deploying the IMS, and therefore, […]