3GPP has a specified release timeline to ensure the standard is delivered on time. Release 16 is still anticipated in 2020 to line up with the ITU. For the 5G timeline, there’re 3 drops as below:  “Early drop” for Non-Standalone 5G  – Addresses the most urgent deployment needs for eMBB.      Uses LTE anchor […]

NOMA is highly promising for 5G radio access. The fundamental concept of NOMA is supporting multiple users in the power domain. In contrast to the conventional multiple access (MA) techniques, NOMA uses a new dimension to perform multiplexing within one of the classic time/frequency domains.  NOMA can be regarded as an “add-on” technique, which has […]

As of late-April GSA had identified: 8 announced form factors Phones. Hotspots. Indoor CPE. Outdoor CPE. Modules. Snap-on dongles/adapters. IoT routers. USB terminals. 26 vendors that have announced available or forthcoming 5G devices. 48 announced devices 16 phones. 6 hotspots. 12 CPE devices, indoor and outdoor. 9 modules. 2 snap-on dongles/adapters. 2 IoT routers. 1 […]

5G networks must meet diversified demands. ITU classified 5G mobile network services into three categories: Enhanced Mobile Broadband(eMBB), Ultra-reliable and Low-latency Communications (uRLLC), and Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC). eMBB focuses on services that have bandwidth high requirements, such as high definition (HD) videos, virtual reality (VR), and augmented reality (AR). uRLLC focuses on latency-sensitive services, […]

In voice and video communication, quality usually states whether the experience is a good or bad one. In a scale from 1 to 5, a mean opinion score (MOS) gives an indication of the quality of transmission. MOS Quality 5 Excellent 4 Good 3 Fair 2 Poor 1 Bad PESQ: Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality […]

The transport network is a crucial part of the whole 5G solution. It is the unifying network fabric that must deliver new performance, reach and capabilities to address demanding new requirements. • Extreme bandwidth for enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) demands a new generation of terabit capacity networking products that can support multi gigabit cell site […]

Network virtualization leads the way for 5G to meet high flexibility and agility expectations. It allows running complex network functions (namely, Virtual Network Function – VNF) on top of a virtualized infrastructure, hosted at central or edge telco cloud.   One big advantage of using VNF, is the possibility of dynamically scaling, depending on traffic […]

CSFB (Circuit Switched Fallback) is an solution in 3GPP Release 8. In this approach, the LTE provides data services, and when a voice call is to be initiated or received, it will fall back to the CS domain. When using this solution, operators need to upgrade the MSC instead of deploying the IMS, and therefore, […]

URLLC use cases can have very stringent latency requirements, as low as 5 ms for end-to-end latency. Taking into consideration the various factors of the end-to-end network, the budget for the air interface delay can be very tight (for instance, 1 ms or even less). To reach low latency, every and each step of the […]

The Problem: VoLTE Coverage Reasons:  VoLTE deployments have targeted use of high definition voice codes such as AMR 12.65 kbps for improved voice quality, while many 2G/3G voice network designs have been based on lower rate narrow band voice even AMR 5.9 kbps, which can provide larger coverage since fewer bits need to be sent. […]

The ITU proposed several globally bands in mmWave spectrum as below:  24.25–27.5 GHz; 37–40.5 GHz; 42.5–43.5 GHz; 45.5–47 GHz; 47.2–50.2 GHz; 50.4–52.6 GHz; 66–76 GHz; 81–86 GHz. Frequency bands within the scope of the present Release 15 work in 3GPP are for this reason divided into two frequency ranges Frequency range 1 (FR1) includes all […]