The latency of the idle-to-active procedure in NSA is larger than in SA. The different latencies come from signaling differences in the architecture. In NSA, to transition from idle to an active state, the UE first performs an idle-to-active procedure in LTE, which serves as the MN. Once connected, the UE connects to the NR through […]

🛢Network slicing in 4G networks has been provided in the limited form of isolating a service within a common infrastructure (e.g., Access Point Name (APN) Routing, Multi-Operator Core Network (MOCN), and Dedicated Core Network (DECOR)). 🛢In 5G Network, network slicing will allow carriers to create virtual data pipelines for each of its data type services, […]

Open RAN Interfaces 🛢High Layer Split (HLS) between Centralized Unit (CU) and Distributed Unit (DU) has been specified by #3GPP. 🛢Each individual functional entities DU, CU-UP, and CU-CP entities may be placed at different physical locations according to operator requirements. 🛢The definition of HLS has introduced two new interfaces. F1/ E1 interface for gNode B (gNB)/gNB-CU […]

There are different Open vRAN deployment models, bring clear flexibility and adaptability to networks, so that different use case requirements can be addressed dynamically and provide a more efficient and rapid response to business requirements. The 3GPP model for 5G architecture relying on Open interfaces together with RAN virtualization, allows an optimized deployment of DU/CU, […]

LTE Requires Synchronization And Standards Support In LTE deployments, network synchronization is key and solutions need to meet the rigorous timing and delivery requirements that ensure network quality and availability. Of course, synchronization technology and standards are necessary to support LTE deployments, and various synchronization options are available. “Synchronization” refers to the technique applied to […]

One of the threats that face any cellular technology is Bidding Down or Service Degradation. What is Bidding Down? Hackers can use IMSI-impersonating devices to execute DoS attacks, but that’s not all these devices can do. They can also use their status as trusted network nodes to carry out “man in the middle” attacks, where they […]

To understand how 5G achieves the higher data rates, we need to dig into Shannon’s Law to see how engineers have tackled each of the limiting factors from previous generations. Shannon’s Law This is a simplified version of Shannon’s Law: 5G improves data rates by attacking the first two components of Shannon’s Law directly: More […]

Open RAN Open RAN is the industry’s generic term for an open radio access network architecture. An Open RAN has open interoperable interfaces, RAN virtualization, and support for big data and AI-enabled RAN. Providers deploying an Open RAN can choose between a 3GPP or O-RAN architecture. vRAN It refers to the virtualization of RAN functions, […]

Yes, In general, there are some points that are related to the frequency band but the primary factor is BW as below: Bandwidth: You can reserve more bandwidth for the frequency band as the band there is not congested like the low band. For example, 2G,3G,4G, WiFi, and many wireless technologies are working in a […]

All 5G iPhone 12 models support Dual SIM mode, which refers to the ability to switch between a SIM card and an eSIM operating on independent numbers and/or carriers. However, an image of a training document from Apple’s Sales Web resources called “What you need to know about 5G on iPhone” and posted to Reddit suggests the ‌iPhone 12‌ will […]

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