Option 3 Introduction The initial deployments of 5G services are based on 5G NSA, also called option-3. The variants of option-3 are option-3, option-3a and option-3x. Option-3/3a/3x is transparent to MME and P-GW and translates to an E-RAB modification procedure at MME. Option-3: Traffic is split across 4G and 5G at eNodeB. Option-3a: Traffic is […]

The Latest GSA’s  Report for Q1 2020 As per GSA, the latest report for Q1 2020, 70 commercial 5G networks in 40 countries. What Is CU-DU Function Split? The main reason for CU-DU Split function is the high required front-haul transmission BW in 5G NR that may equal or exceed 160 Gpbs to support the […]

Introduction The 2nd phase of 5G is being finalized in 3GPP, with the Rel-16 version of the specifications being frozen around June 2020. The 3GPP Plenary meetings in December 2019 decided the work program for the set of features to be included in Rel-17, which is scheduled for completion 15 months after Rel-16. Release 16 […]

Interesting Figure from OoKla about the Mobile Speeds in Europe – France ranks the First for mobile download speed. – Spain showed the fastest mean upload speeds on mobile at 13.12 Mbps during Q3-Q4 2019. Rakuten Mobile Rocks!  When Rakuten will launch 8th April, it will be with one plan only, UN-LIMIT, priced at 2980 […]

Really I am writing this article due to two reasons, First that I received many questions about Is 5G Safe for Human? and Second that I shocked when I saw some of the social media posts on Facebook and Twitter that point out that the main reason for COVID-19 is 5G or using some 5G […]

Release 16 is designed to be an 18-month project that wraps up at the end of 2019. The three key performance indicators for 5G are faster peak rates (the enhanced mobile broadband, eMBB), more connections per cell (massive machine-type communication, mMTC), and lower latency (ultra-reliable low-latency communications, URLLC). Most of Release 15 focused on the […]

As per the Ericsson Mobility Report, November 2019, by the end of 2025, we expect 5G to have 2.6 billion subscriptions covering up to 65 percent of the world’s population and generating 45 percent of the world’s total mobile data traffic, making it the fastest developing mobile communication technology to have ever been rolled out […]

What is Virtualization? Virtualization means decoupling software from hardware, enabling mobile network operators to handle dynamic and challenging use cases, such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive connectivity (mIoT), and ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC). It allows you to use a physical machine’s full capacity by distributing its capabilities among many users or environments. […]

  At first, we need to identify the meaning of word EN–DC, It’s E-UTRAN New Radio Dual Connectivity. Simply it means the possibility of UE to get simultaneous data from LTE eNB and 5G gNB.  In EN-DC, the radio access network is composed of eNBs (eNodeBs) as the master node and gNBs (gNodeBs) as the […]

Dual Connectivity From the 1st Session of 5G RAN Training: How does Dual Connectivity improve the total BW. Also the limitation of using FDD for LTE and TDD for 5G NR. The Subcarrier Spacing plays an important role in expanding the total BW but it also has a limitation in the case of EN-DC. Did you […]

I summarized these #10 5G Learned Lessons from #5G_Asia and RCRWireless report about this big event  1- Operators should focus on replacing their legacy networks to pave the way to all IP networks, with new IT infrastructure rather than telco components.  2- A standalone 5G network requires a much more IT-centric approach to can support different use cases […]