When going to the Roaming topic, sometimes you hear words like Wholesale Charge and Retail Charge. So What is the difference between them? The Wholesale Charge determines how much roaming costs […]
How Does International Roaming Billing Work? Wholesale/Retail
Everything You Need To Know About NRF and SCP in The 5G Core
5G standalone (SA) operation, using a new core network, is foundational to mobile operators seeking to offer advanced 5G services with a low cost of production. 5G Service-based architecture (SBA) […]
Should VoWiFi Be A Good Solution For Indoors?
As per the Mobile Data Moves Indoors report, 80% of Mobile Traffic comes from Indoor locations. This means that good coverage and QoS in the building/indoors are a MUST. Let’s […]
Frame Structure for 5G New Radio Release 15
5G NR modulation and waveforms have some commonalities with LTE but aim to have much higher spectral efficiency. NR supports QPSK, 16 QAM, and 256 QAM with the same constellation […]
What Are SM-DP and SM-DP+ Address in eSIM?
First, let’s understand an overview of eSIM Technology. eSIM(embedded SIM): The embedded SIM (also called eSIM or eUICC) is a new secure element designed to remotely manage multiple mobile network […]
What is Flex-5G Project ?
Let’s check the main highlights if you don’t know about this big project. The main focus of this project is creating an End-to-end Open RAN compliant, UK-developed 5G SA network. […]
The Power of RedCap 5G into the IoT Industry
RedCap 5G NR = Reduced Capability 5G NR. As per Ericsson, It’s estimated that the number of connected IoT devices will reach nearly 39 billion by 2029, a significant increase […]
Market Landscape: RAN Vendors 2024
An interesting report from Omdia regarding ” Market Landscape: RAN Vendors 2024 “ The report is only for RAN Hardware and Software for macro base stations and small cells. Open […]
4G and 5G Electromagnetic Interference with Medical Devices in Hospitals
When I searched for the impact of 4G and 5G frequency spectrum on health/medical sector/hospitals, I found good Japanese research by NTT Docomo about this topic and here I concluded […]
Evolution of Signaling from 2G to 5G
?In 2G and 3G, voice and text were the main services based on SS7 signaling. In these networks service availability was the priority. The Signal Transfer Point (STP) was the […]
OpenRAN is NOT O-RAN
Generally speaking, I see many use the same word for different meanings, sometimes they need to refer to O-RAN and write OpenRAN and vice versa. So let’s understand the main […]