With 5GC, 4G, 3G and Non-5G-RAN (radio access networks other than 5G) such as public Wi-Fi will be able to connect to 5GC via a common interface. Using the N3IWF (non-3GPP Inter-Working Function), which is a function newly introduced from 5G, RANs other than 5G-RAN can also be connected to 5GC. It is called Multi-RAT (Radio […]

Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS) allows both 4G and 5G to dynamically share the same spectrum, reusing existing 4G radios (e.g., antennas). With DSS, mobile operators can swiftly expand 5G coverage while eliminating the need for new spectrum allocation for 5G. DSS dynamically assigns time-frequency resources between 4G and 5G according to their respective traffic demands […]

Previously, legacy synchronous networks relied on network elements to transmit and receive data at the same frequency in order to establish communication links. Modern data networks have more challenging Timing requirements in addition to Frequency, which include Phase and Time of Day (ToD). Not only the same number of repeated events per second (Frequency) must […]

D-RAN is the traditional RAN or Radio Access Network where BBU (Baseband Unit) and RRH (Remote Radio Head) are placed on the same place in the site. C-RAN is the decoupling between BBU and RRH, Where BBU is moved to the data center to be centralized to manage different RRHs through Fronthaul Common Public Radio […]

As per GSMA in the last white paper, Securing private networks in the 5G era Private Network A private (mobile) network is where network infrastructure is used exclusively by devices authorized by the end-user organization. The infrastructure is typically deployed in one or more specific locations owned or occupied by the organization. Devices that are […]

4G cell sites 4G remote radio heads (RRHs) are typically mounted at the top of cell towers or on building rooftops. The ability to cover a large geographic area using radio frequencies in the sub‑3 GHz spectrum was ideal for these installations. A single sector would consist of an RRH connected through a small form-factor […]

Wi-Fi 6 and 5G Convergence Wi-Fi 6 and 5G expand opportunities for digitization across all industries They offer complementary functionalities. The user experience is concerned, and 5G and Wi-Fi 6 can achieve gigabit speeds and low latency. They introduce the new era of wireless access. Their convergence enables organizations to do business anywhere while increasing […]

I like this definition from the CTIA report: 5G is the Innovation Platform 5G is the next generation of wireless. It’s more than just an evolutionary step forward technologically. It’s a revolutionary leap. These wireless networks, rolling out in communities across the country, will be transformative—making our lives better, our communities safer, and our nation […]

Open RAN is an open radio access network (RAN) architecture standardized by the O-RAN Alliance based on 3GPP and other standards. O-RAN Alliance’s RAN functional split is based on the three key tenets: Decoupling of hardware and software. Cloud infrastructure. Standardized and open interfaces between the network function.

In brief, C-RAN or Centralized RAN is to moving the BBU to a central office. This logical step is possible due to the fact that optical fibers are available between the antenna site and central office. Here when we’re talking about BBU or Baseband Processing Unit we mean the brain of the cell site. The […]

5G New Radio (NR) 3GPP is defining 5G NR in Release 15, with an initial release for a non-standalone operation scheduled for March 2018 and a full release for a standalone version scheduled for September 2018. 5G New Radio Release 15 Focus: 5G NR Release 15 features: Ability to operate in any frequency band, including […]